Cross-validation of 20 anthropometric prediction equations for appendicular muscle mass in older Brazilian women: a cross-sectional study / Validação cruzada de 20 equações antropométricas de massa muscular apendicular para idosas brasileiras: um estudo transversal

Objective: To test the cross-validation of anthropometric prediction equations for appendicular muscle mass (AMM) in older Brazilian women. Methods: Sixty-seven older women (69.84 ± 5.95 years old) underwent anthropometric measurements. AMM (kg) reference values obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (AMMDXA) were compared to 20 anthropometric equations for estimating AMM in older adults. A paired t-test (p > 0.05), standard error of estimate (SEE < 3.50 kg), and r2 > 0.70 confirmed the validity of the equations. The agreement between predictions and the reference was also verified (Bland-Altman analysis of agreement between methods). Results: Four American equations and one Mexican equation were not statistically different from AMMDXA (p > 0.05) but did not present suitable r2 values for validation. The American equation from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), AMM (kg) = (-0.04 × age [years]) + (0.46 × calf circumference [cm]) + (0.32 × arm circumference [cm]) + (0.11 × thigh circumference [cm]) ­ (0.27 × body mass index [BMI, kg/m2 ]) + (0.07 × waist circumference [cm]) ­ 13 119 showed the best performance (r2 = 0.64; SEE = 3.24 kg), with minimal mean difference (0.26 kg), no heteroscedasticity for extreme values, and with high agreement with the Brazilian sample (-3.90 to 3.40 kg). Conclusion: When specific equations for a given population are not available, the use of generic equations of greater sample representativeness with scientifically and reliably analyzed data is allowed.

Objetivo: Testar a validação cruzada das equações antropométricas preditivas da massa muscular apendicular (MMA) em idosas brasileiras. Metodologia: Sessenta e sete idosas (69,84 ± 5,95 anos) foram submetidas a medidas antropométricas. Os valores de referência da MMA (kg) fornecida pela absorciometria de raios X de dupla energia (MMADXA) foi comparada com 20 equações antropométricas preditivas para estimar a MMA para idosos. Teste t pareado (p > 0,05), erro padrão de estimativa (EPE) < 3,50 kg e r2 > 0,70 confirmaram a validade das equações. A concordância entre as previsões e a referência também foi verificada (análise de concordância entre métodos de Bland-Altman). Resultados: Quatro equações americanas e uma equação mexicana não foram estatisticamente diferentes da MMADXA (p > 0,05), mas nenhuma delas apresentou r2 adequado para validação. A equação americana dos dados do National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), MMA (kg) = (-0,04 × idade [anos]) + (0,46 × circunferência da panturrilha [cm]) + (0,32 × circunferência do braço [cm]) + (0,11 × circunferência da coxa [cm]) ­ (0,27 × índice de massa corporal-IMC [kg/m2 ]) + (0,07 × circunferência da cintura [cm]) ­ 13,12 apresentou o melhor desempenho (r2 = 0,64; EPE = 3,24 kg): com diferença média mínima (0,26 kg), sem heterocedasticidade para valores extremos e alta concordância com a amostra brasileira (-3,90 a 3,40 kg). Conclusão: Quando não existem equações específicas para uma determinada população, é permitida a utilização de equações genéricas de maior representatividade amostral, cujos dados tenham sido analisados de forma científica e confiável

Fundamental motor skills of public and private school children

O objetivo deste estudo foi classificar e comparar as habilidades motoras fundamentais de crianças de escolas públicas e privadas e verificar a compatibilidade das habilidades motoras fundamentais com a idade cronológica dos alunos. Os participantes foram 81 crianças saudáveis (10.6 ± 1.2 anos). O Test of Gross Motor Development - edition 2 foi usado para avaliar a habilidades motoras fundamentais. Os subtestes de habilidades motoras fundamentais foram comparados entre as escolas, usando o teste t para amostras independentes e o teste U de Mann Whitney. A idade cronológica foi comparada com a idade motora equivalente nos dois subtestes para cada escola separadamente, usando o teste estatístico de Wilcoxon. Alunos de escolas privadas obtiveram pontuação maior no subteste locomotor do que alunos de escolas públicas (p = 0.032), sem diferença no subteste controle de objetos (p = 0.733). O Quociente Motor Bruto indicou que os alunos de ambas as escolas apresentaram classificações de desempenho semelhantes classificadas como "muito ruim", "ruim" e "abaixo da média". Para os subtestes locomotor e controle de objetos, todos os escolares apresentaram idade motora equivalente menor que a cronológica. Alunos de ambas escolas apresentaram atraso no desenvolvimento motor, enquanto alunos de escolas privadas demonstraram maior eficiência nas habilidades motoras fundamentais de locomoção.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to classify and compare the fundamental motor skills of children from public and private schools and verify the compatibility of fundamental motor skills with students' chronological age. Participants were 81 healthy children (10.6±1.2 years). The Test of Gross Motor Development - edition 2was used to evaluate fundamental motor skills. Fundamental motor skills subtests were compared among schools, using the independent samples t-test and Mann Whitney U-test. Chronological age was compared with equivalent motor age in the two subtests for each school separately, using the Wilcoxon statistical test. Private school students had a higher score on the locomotor subtest than public school students (p=.032), with no difference on the object control subtest (p=.733). The Gross Motor Quotient indicated that the students of both schools presented similar performance ratings classified as "very poor", "poor" and "below average". For the locomotor and object control subtests, all schoolchildren had equivalent motor ages lower than their chronological age. Students from both schools had a delay in motor development, while private school students demonstrated greater efficiency in locomotor fundamental motor skills.(AU)

Teaching handball to U-16 and U-18 women's teams: coaches' perspective on the long-term

To identify the teaching approaches preferred by Brazilian coaches in the U-16 and U-18 women's teams and whether it is possible to apply long-term goals for handball training. Methods: Six experienced coaches were interviewed individually in a semi-structured format. Data were transcribed and analyzed according to the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) method. Results: Coaches revealed a choice for the situational approach and global-functional approach in U-16 teams. In U-18 teams, coaches' choices were for the technique and situational approaches. The change of coaches' choice might be based on players' specialization, suggested to U-18 teams when coaches highlighted the increased demand for performance. On players' transition from U-16 to U-18 teams, the coaches showed less preference for the global-functional approach and increasing evidence of the technique approach. Conclusion: Global-functional and situational approaches should be given a prominent position in these teams, especially due to the development of technical-tactical aspects. However, the technical approach was recognized as a central position in U-18 teams, probably related to players' specialization and technical improvement, although it does not offer a rich environment for the development of players' decision making.(AU)